and

and · conjunction, noun¹

1. Proto-Indo-European*h₂ent-
2. Proto-Indo-European*h₂énts
3. Proto-Indo-European*h₂énti
4. Proto-Germanic*andi
5. Old Englishand
6. Middle Englishand
7. English todayand

Inherited from Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian än (“and”), Saterland Frisian un (“and”), West Frisian en (“and”), Dutch en, ende (“and”), German und (“and”), German Low German on, un (“and”), Luxembourgish an (“and”), Vilamovian an, ana (“and”), Yiddish און (un), אונ (un), אונד (und), אונ׳ (un', “and”), Danish end (“still; ever; even”), Faroese enn (“still, yet”), Icelandic en (“and”), enn (“still, yet”), Norwegian Bokmål enn (“and”), Norwegian Nynorsk en, enn (“and”), Swedish än (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”). Doublet of an ("if").

and · noun²

1. Proto-Indo-European · derived from*h₂enh₁-“to breathe, blow”
2. Proto-Germanic · derived from*anadô“breath, anger, zeal”
3. Old Norse · derived fromandi“breath, wind, spirit”
4. Old English · inherited fromanda“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”
5. Middle English · inherited fromande
6. English todayand

Inherited from Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”). Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

and · verb³

1. Proto-Germanic · derived from*anadōną“to breathe, sputter”
2. Old Norse · derived fromanda“to breathe”
3. Old English · inherited fromandian“to be envious or jealous, envy”
4. Middle English · inherited fromanden
5. English todayand

Inherited from Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

AND · adjective⁴

Initialism.

Words from the same roots

First known use, by meaning

• from 8th c. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs.
• from 8th c. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences.
• from 9th c. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first.
• 10th–17th c. Yet; but.
• from 10th c. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (now dated); connecting shillings to pence in a monetary quantity (now historical); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes.
• from 10th c. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition.
• from 10th c. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause.
• from 14th c. Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: 'to'. Used especially after come, go and try.