over

over · adjective, adverb, noun, preposition, interjection, verb¹

1. Proto-Indo-European*úp
2. Proto-Indo-European*upér
3. Proto-Germanic*uber
4. Proto-West Germanic*obar
5. Old Englishofer
6. Middle Englishover
7. English todayover

From Middle English over, from Old English ofer, ofor, ouer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (“above; over”). Cognates Cognate with Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish and Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Elfdalian yvyr (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”); also Breton and Cornish war (“on, over”), Irish ar (“on”), Manx er (“on”), Scottish Gaelic air (“on, upon”), Latin super (“above, over”), Ancient Greek ῠ̔πείρ (hŭpeír), ὑπέρ (hupér), ῠ̔́περ (hŭ́per, “above, over”), Albanian epër (“above, high, overhead, up, upward”), Armenian վեր (ver, “up”), Avestan 𐬎𐬞𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌 (upaⁱri, “above, over”), Persian بر (bar, “on; onto; upon”), Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above, over”). Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.

over · noun²

1. Proto-Germanic · inherited from*ōferaz
2. Old English · inherited fromōfer“riverbank, seashore, brink, edge, margin, border”
3. Middle English · inherited fromover“riverbank, seashore, brink”
4. English todayover

From Middle English over (“riverbank, seashore, brink”), from Old English ōfer (“riverbank, seashore, brink, edge, margin, border”), from Proto-Germanic *ōferaz. Cognate with Dutch oever (“riverbank, shore”), German Ufer (“shore, shoreline, riverbank”), Low German Över (“shore, riverbank”).

Words from the same roots