The story
From the Holy Bible (Matthew, 22:21): Then he said to them, “Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's; and unto God the things that are God's.” (KJV; spelling modernized)
Etymology from Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0.
render unto Caesar
Today it means: To give (something) to one's state or government, especially in the form of a tax payment. Full definition →