- docentInstructive; that teaches.
- privat-docentA lecturer who may teach without supervision by a professor
- privatdozentIn some European countries, an academic who holds all formal qualifications (doctorate and habilitation) to become a tenured university professor.
- private docentAn associate professor (in a university) who has obtained a doctorate, written a habilitation thesis and given a lecture in the hope of becoming a full professor.