Ch'ao-hsien

The period of the Lo-lang Province and the Three Hans, which followed the Ancient Ch’ao-hsien Kingdoms, goes back some 2,000 years. To be exact, it was in 108 B.C. that Wu-ti, the famous Emperor of Han, defeated Wei You-ch’ü, a grandson of Wei Man, captured the Korean Peninsula and governed it by dividing it into four provinces.

1963, “Periods”, in A Short History of Korea, →OCLC, page 1

In 109–108 b.c. two expeditions were sent against Ch’ao-hsien (in the present Korea), and four commanderies were founded there in 108; at the same time Han forces had been penetrating more deeply into the southwest, where I-chou commandery was established in 109.

1974, Michael Loewe, edited by Frank A. Kierman, Jr. and John K. Fairbank, Chinese Ways in Warfare, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 74

⁹⁵For Ch’ao-hsien, "Cheng-yi" says, "K’uo-ti chih 括地志 says, 'Kao-li's 高麗 P’ing-jang 平壤 City, originally the governing site/city of Chien 儉, the Prince of Yüeh-lang 樂浪 Prefecture of the Han. It was ancient Ch’ao-hsien.'"

2006 [145–86 BCE], Ssu-ma Ch’ien, translated by Zhenjun Zhang, “Hereditary House 8”, in William Nienhauser, editor, The Grand Scribe's Records, volume V.1, Indiana University Press, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 276