Ch'ing

The p’u-fu, a three-quarter-length coat worn by men and women over their ch’ao-fu and chi-fu, became an important adjunct of Ch’ing dynasty dress because it proclaimed the wearer's exact rank at a glance, being made of plain purplish-black silk on which his insigne was emblazoned in bright colours and gold.

1964, Pauline Simmons, “Dress”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 7, →OCLC, page 682, column 2

In China in the Ch’ing dynasty local government was organized on the same principle at all levels. All administrative units, from the province down to the chou (department) and the hsien (district), which are the focus of our study, were designed and created by the central government which financed their budgets, appointed their officials, and directed and supervised their activities.

1969, T’ung-tsu C’hü, “Chou and Hsien Government”, in Local Government in China Under the Ch’ing, Stanford: Stanford University Press, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 1

It is striking that the Ch'ing government should consider it necessary to place restriction on the performance of drama and to supervise it so closely. One explanation might be that some officials considered theatrical performances during religious celebrations irreverent. But this does not appear to explain the government's reserve adequately, and we should look more carefully at the restrictions and the reasons for them.

1972, Colin P. Mackerras, The Rise of the Peking Opera 1770–1870 (Correspondence Respecting the Disturbances in China), Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 36

Even in easternmost Kham, adjacent to China proper, Ch’ing control was not easily maintained, especially in Chin-ch’uan (rGyal-rong), where the native Bon religion was stronger than in most parts of Tibet, and where the people spoke a Tibetan language that differed substantially from the dialects of Tibet proper.

1978, Joseph Fletcher, “Ch’ing Inner Asia c. 1800”, in John K. Fairbank, editor, The Cambridge History of China, volume 10, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 94

Wai H. Tan, a retired ITT telecommunications executive in the Far East who was born into the royal family of the Ch'ing Dynasty, the last to rule China, died of heart failure Friday at his home in Corvallis, Ore. He was 99 years old. Mr. Tan was born in Peking (now Beijing), the grandnephew of the Empress Dowager. Before the downfall of the Ch'ing Dynasty in 1911, he was sent by the Imperial Household to be educated in the United States.

1990 May 7, Glenn Fowler, “Wai Tan Dies at 99; ITT Executive Was From Royal Family”, in The New York Times, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 25 May 2015