Miaojie

In 1848, Russian Senior Naval Captain Nevelskoiy and his military transport ship set sail to invade China's Heilongjiang [Amur-river] River estuary and the Sakhalin island. In 1850, Miaojie on the Heilongjiang River estuary was forcibly occupied, turned into a stronghold for aggression and renamed Nikolayevsk after the czar. In April 1853, Czar Nicholas I brazenly ordered the invasion and occupation of China's Sakhalin island.

1981 August 18 [1981 August 11], Nengxiong [3769 5174 7160] Wang, “How Did Czarist Russia Carry Out Its Aggression Against China?”, in Daily Report: China, volume I, number 159, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, →ISSN, →OCLC, page C 1

By deception, manoeuvring and intimidation, he scored a crucial point for Russia in forcing Prince Gong to approve the terms in the supplementary Treaty of Beijing in November 1860. The treaty affirmed the Russian gains under the Treaty of Aigun. Moreover, China ceded to Russia the hitherto commonly held territory from east of the Ussuri River to the Sea of Japan, consisting of the Ussuri krai (the Maritime Territory) and southern parts of Primorye, an additional 4000,000 km². The ports of Miaojie/Nikolayevsk, Hailanpao/Blagoveshchensk close to the Sea of Okhotsk, and the Kuril Islands (Sakhalin) now all belonged to Russia.

2022, Wenguang Shao, China’s Foreign Policy and Practice: A Survey, →ISBN, →OCLC, page https://books.google.com/books?id=i9iYEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&pg=PT104