QE

In times of severe economic distress, however, rates may fall to zero. Cue QE. When the Bank of Japan (BoJ) pioneered QE in 2001, its goal was to buy enough securities to create a desired quantity of reserves (hence, “quantitative easing”). Its actions, it hoped, would raise asset prices and end deflation.

2012 July 14, “Quantitative easing: QE, or not QE?”, in The Economist, archived from the original on 19 Jan 2022

It will be tempting for the US and Europe to engage in some financial repression in the coming years, using various means to force interest rates lower. Not only will it make America’s addiction to debt seem manageable, it will help ease the transition to an AI economy, Cheap debt will allow more zombie companies, which would normally be displaced by technology, to survive. […] Some of America’s current economic problems are the result of past forays into yield-curve control. The Federal Reserve’s QE during the pandemic is still causing problems in the housing market — it artificially lowered mortgages rates, which then went up when inflation returned. Meanwhile, the Treasury is losing money on its bond portfolio, and the bond market is experiencing dislocations as the Fed reduces its large post-pandemic balance sheet. All this is the result of only a few years of trying to control the yield curve. If it becomes normal policy, expect worse distortions and more threats to Fed independence. Japan’s policies, followed for decades, created thousands of zombie companies. The danger for the US is that financial repression, pursued on a large scale, would create a zombie economy.

2025 October 13, Allison Schrager, “A Zombie Economy Could Be America's Future”, in Bloomberg Opinion, archived from the original on 13 Oct 2025