Yamnaya

alternative Yamna

1. A late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE, often associated with the Proto-Indo-Europeans.

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   Although European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other (Fig. 2), they still display a cline of genetic affinity with Yamnaya, with highest levels in Corded Ware, lowest in Hungary, and central European Bell Beakers being intermediate (Fig. 2b and Extended Data Table 1).

   2015, Nature, Allentoft et al., Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia

alternative Yamna

1. pluralplural onlyThe people of the Yamnaya culture.

   The increase in the intensity of the human use of the steppe lands coincided with a nearly complete disappearance of permanent settlements—almost all the structures that the Yamnaya left behind were graves, huge mounds of earth called kurgans.

   2018, David Reich, Who We Are and How We Got Here, Oxford University Press, page 108

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   This pattern is also seen in ADMIXTURE analysis (Fig. 2b, SI6), which implies that the Yamnaya have ancestry from populations related to the Caucasus and South Asia that is largely absent in 38 Early or Middle Neolithic farmer s but present in all 25 Late Neolithic or Bronze Age individuals.

   2015, Nature 522 (7555), Haak, W. et al, Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe

   2016, David W. Anthony (translator), Pavel F. Kuznetsov, Oleg D. Mochalov, Chapter 4: The Samara Valley in the Bronze Age: A Review of Archaeological Discoveries, David W. Anthony, Dorcas R. Brown, Aleksandr A. Khokhlov, Pavel F. Kuznetsov, Oleg D. Mochalov (editors), A Bronze Age Landscape in the Russian Steppes: The Samara Valley Project, UCLA Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, page 81, Archaeologists by 2002 had identified 17 Yamnaya cemeteries in the Samara Valley containing 45 kurgans and 51 graves (Figure 4.2).

   2017, David W. Anthony, 2: Archaeology and Language, Pam J. Crabtree, Peter Bogucki (editors), European Archaeology as Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania Press, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, page 55, The tested Corded Ware individuals are modeled as having an ancestry 79% derived from Yamnaya, 4% from WHG, and 17% from EEF (Haak et al. 2015).

alternative Yamna

1. not comparableOf or relating to the Yamnaya people or culture.

   At the frontiers where Yamnaya pastoralists interacted with settled agriculturalists, local variants developed among bilingual populations.

   2025 December 12, Tom Hercules Davies, “Horses, Wheels, Languages: Greek, Mesopotamian and Indic Epic on the Eurasian Steppe”, in The Classical Quarterly, volume 75, number 1, page 13