shāh

plural shāhs

1. rareRare spelling of shah.

   Abbās’s achievement made it possible for Ṣafawid rule to survive a succession of largely ineffective shāhs for a further century.

   1988, David Morgan, Medieval Persia, 1040–1797, Longman Group UK, →ISBN

   3 more examples

   Along the frontiers of Khwārazm and the lower Syr Darya, where Jand was held by the shāhs, there lived a number of Türkmen, and even though many of them were still pagan, the Khwārazm-Shāhs had to achieve some sort of modus vivendi with them.

   1968, “Khurāsān and the Khwārazm-Shāhs”, in The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press, published 2001, →ISBN, page 191

   From the early fourth/tenth century, the Shāhs had their capital in Yazidiyya, perhaps the earlier Shammakhi, but they were also often to intervene in, and at times control, Bāb al-Abwāb or Darband on the Caspian coast (see below, no. 68). Over the decades, the Shāhs had to fight off the Georgians to their west, and, in the fifth/eleventh century, incursions from northern Persia of the Turkmens. After the notable reign of Fariburz I b. Sallār, the chronology and nomenclature of the succeeding Shāhs become somewhat fragmentary and tentative, for the detailed source for the history of the earlier period, a local history of Sharwān and Bāb al-Abwāb preserved in a later Ottoman historian, comes to an end; for subsequent rulers, we depend largely on literary references from the lands outside Sharwān and the evidence from coins.

   1996, Clifford Edmund Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual, published 2012, →ISBN

   She was beating a fighting retreat when the Shāh caught up to her with sixty men. When she saw the Shāh, she said, “May I be a sacrifice to you! I heard that they had captured you and taken you to the Solṭān, so I came out to fight to the death.”

   2018, “Solṭān Salim Comes to Iran”, in Barry Wood, editor, transl., The Adventures of Shāh Esmāʿil: A Seventeenth-Century Persian Popular Romance, Brill, →ISBN, page 393