umlaute

It is clear that in all these umlaute the new vowel is exactly intermediate between the original vowel of the root and the modifying one of the termination : if the new vowel became identical with its modifier, the result would be not an umlaut but a complete assimilation.

1874, English Dialect Society; Publications; № 4, 48, or 60; page 13

The umlaute, or sounds of periphasis (ä, ö, ü), exist in the Catawba alphabet, e. g., in ómä, himself; túhö, small; dürûbi, iron; but they are not in frequent use.

1900, Albert S. Gatschet, “Grammatic Sketch of the Catawba Language”, in American Anthropologist, New Series, v 2, n 3, p 528 ^〃 (self-published by the American Anthropological Association)

When processing German text with T_EX one is faced with the following problem: Many German words contain “umlaute” (ä, ö, ü, Ä, Ö, Ü) and/or the sharp S (ß). These letters are normally produced by control sequences (\"a ... \"U or \ss). A reasonable place for the German umlaute might be the positions ’32 ... ’37 in the Computer Modern text fonts where normally the Scandinavian ligatures are placed. The creation of the umlaute as described above is just a few lines of code. It should be noticed that the procedure for handling umlaute as described above keeps T_EX source files portable to other installations. Many computer users are tempted to use built-in umlaut features that come with Microsoft softwares. However, there are still people who do not use Microsoft compatible computers (like Apple2) and who are not planning to buy a new computer just to be able to read umlaute. My suggestion is that umlaute be written as "a or ae, "o or oe, "u or ue.

1985, Darío Lucarella (editor), Proceedings of the First European Conference on T_EX for Scientific Documentation, 16–17 May 1985, Como, Italy, pages 61, 62, 64, &c. (Addison–Wesley Pub. Co.; →ISBN, 9780201133998)