The story
- Ancient Greekκυβερνάω (kubernáō)
- Latingubernō
- Latingubernator
- Old Frenchgouvreneur
- Middle Englishgovernour
- Englishgovernor
- English todaygovernorate
From governor + -ate (forms nouns denoting rank or office, the concrete charge of it).
Etymology from Wiktionary, CC BY-SA 4.0.