bascophone

comparative more bascophone · superlative most bascophone

1. not comparableusuallyAlternative letter-case form of Bascophone.

   EUZKO GOGOA. […] The works of many of the leading bascophone authors of the day appeared in this journal.

   1981, William A. Douglass, Richard W. Etulain, “Periodicals”, in Basque Americans: A Guide to Information Sources (Ethnic Studies Information Guide Series; 6), Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research Company, →ISBN, page 10

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   His own involvement into collaborationalism is remote, limited to wild enthusiasm when meeting German bascophone linguists.

   1999, Jacques M. Laroche, Linguistic Pluralism in France, Las Cruces, N.M.: New Mexico State University, page 11

   The 1978 legislative elections are sometimes seen as the first time that Basque nationalism was connected with the so-called ethnic vote, as the Basque-speaking zones of the inland attained higher scores than French-speaking areas (Vrignon 1999: 224). Indeed, roughly speaking, 6 per cent of votes in the francophone urban area of Bayonne–Anglet–Biarritz were cast in support of the nationalist parties during the cantonal elections of 1998–2001, as opposed to almost 15 percent in the Euskera-speaking interior (Table 5.1). A closer look on Table 5.1, however, puts this image into perspective because in the interior the highest nationalist votes were cast not in the most bascophone areas, but in the interior of Labourd.

   2005, Jan Mansvelt Beck, “Basque nationalism: a recent and modest phenomenon”, in Territory and Terror: Conflicting Nationalisms in the Basque Country, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN, page 110

   The law divides the community into three specific areas: the bascophone, or Basque speaking, zone, the mixed zone and the non-bascophone, or non-Basque speaking, zone (see Figure 1). […] The Basque language is recognised as an official language only in the so-called ‘bascophone’ zone, where 10.8% of the total population lives. […] In public life, the law recognises that the inhabitants of the bascophone zone have the right to use the Basque language in their dealings with the administration.

   2008, Nekane Oroz Bretón, Pablo Sotés Ruiz, “Bilingual Education in Navarre: Achievements and Challenges”, in Jasone Cenoz, editor, Teaching Through Basque: Achievements and Challenges, Clevedon, Somerset: Multilingual Matters Ltd, →ISBN, page 22

   On the other hand, Basque-related circles claim that official use of euskara as the institutional framework would right a democratic deficit and a social injustice. They are not demanding a return to an exclusively bascophone Basque country.

   2015, Thomas Pierre, “Against the Ethnicisation of Regional Territorial Minorities: Contribution from the Basque Experience in France”, in Sophie Croisy, editor, Globalization and “Minority” Cultures: The Role of “Minor” Cultural Groups in Shaping Our Global Future, Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, →ISBN, page 225

   Through unyielding commitment and strategizing, the proponents of the IM eventually expanded beyond the realm of bascophone preschooling and embarked on the running of bilingual primary schools by 1974.

   2015, Kai A. Heidemann, “Theorizing School-Based Language Activism in the Basque Country and Beyond: A Social Movement Approach”, in Renée DePalma, Diane Brook Napier, Willibroad Dze-Ngwa, editors, Revitalizing Minority Voices: Language Issues in the New Millennium (The World Council of Comparative Education Societies), Rotterdam: Sense Publishers, →ISBN, page 77

plural bascophones

1. Alternative letter-case form of Bascophone.

   ‘Basque-speaking’ is calculated as the sum of the percentages of bilinguals and bascophones.

   2005, Jan Mansvelt Beck, “Euskal Herria: rhetoric of commonness versus uncommon practice”, in Territory and Terror: Conflicting Nationalisms in the Basque Country, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, →ISBN

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   Sentences like (13) are very difficult to accept. The first one, for instance, is quite incomprehensible out of context, and will be dismissed by any bascophone hearing it without other explanation.

   1989, Bernard Oyharçabal, “Pro-drop and the Resumptive Pronoun Strategy in Basque”, in László Marácz, Pieter Muysken, editors, Configurationality: The Typology of Asymmetries, Dordrecht: Foris Publications, →ISBN, page 69

   According to Haritschelhar, nobody is in a position to say how many bascophones there are on the French side of the border, although he suggests a tentative figure of some 80,000 speakers.

   1993, F. Laroussi, J.-B. Marcellesi, “The other languages of France: towards a multilingual policy”, in Carol Sanders, editor, French Today: Language in Its Social Context, Cambridge, Cambs.: Cambridge University Press, published 1995, →ISBN, page 88

   ABC municipalities have been divided into five different categories according to their percentages of bascophones, and each category must meet several requirements concerning language.

   a. 1998, New Language Planning Newsletter, Mysuru: Central Institute of Indian Languages

   Arana preferred a Basque nation of Spanish-speaking but racially Basque inhabitants to a Basque Country of bascophones who were racially impure or non-Basque people: […]

   2011, Ludger Mees, “The Völkisch Appeal: Nazi Germany, the Basques, and the Bretons”, in Sandra Ott, editor, War, Exile, Justice, and Everyday Life, 1936–1946, Reno, Nev.: Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, Reno, →ISBN, page 255

   In the Basque Country, the term euskaldunberri (new bascophone) is considerably older, although it had only been used by the sociologist Gabriel Gatti (2007) in his study on “weak identities”.

   2022, Joan Pujolar, “New speakers: Language and subjectivity”, in Miquel Àngel Pradilla Cardona, editor, Catalan Sociolinguistics: State of the Art and Future Challenges (IVITRA Research in Linguistics and Literature; 32), Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN, page 282

comparative more Bascophone · superlative most Bascophone · alternative bascophone

1. not comparableusuallySpeaking the Basque language.

   The capital of Álava, Vitoria is the largest and least Bascophone of the three Basque provinces and the seat of the autonomous Basque government.

   1987, Kathleen Wheaton, editor, Spain (Insight Guides), APA Productions, →ISBN, page 252, column 1

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   This determines to a significant degree the level of commitment to push for normalization and the level of tolerance of non-Bascophone speakers in allowing Euskera to penetrate into areas that traditionally have not been Bascophone.

   1999, Juan Cobarrubias, “Viability of the Basque Language in the Next Millennium”, in William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, Joseba Zulaika, editors, Basque Cultural Studies (Occasional Papers Series; 5), Reno, Nev.: Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno, →ISBN, page 77

   According to the Euskarari Buruzko Foru Legea (1986) (Foral Law of the Basque language) three linguistic areas are distinguished in Nafarroa: the Bascophone area in the North, the non-Bascophone area in the South and the mixed area which includes the central area of Nafarroa and its capital city.

   2001, Jasone Cenoz, Josu Perales, “The Basque-speaking Communities”, in M. Teresa Turell, editor, Multilingualism in Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups (Multilingual Matters; 120), Clevedon, Somerset: Multilingual Matters Ltd, →ISBN, part 1 (The Larger Established Minorities), page 100

   There are no precise statistical figures for the regional and local distribution of the Bascophone population at the beginning of the twentieth century, but due to the massive language-desertion by the locals and the waves of immigration into the new industrial areas it can be taken for granted that in Bilbao and its industrial hinterland Euskara had been reduced to an absolutely marginal and residual position. […] According to [Louis-Lucien] Bonaparte’s figures of the 1860s and the updated version presented by [Ladislao de] Velasco at the end of the 1870s, more than a half of all Spanish and French Basques were euskaldunak, that is, Bascophone.

   2003, Ludger Mees, “How It Began: the Evolution of Basque Nationalism until the Civil War (1876–1939)”, in Nationalism, Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities, New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, →ISBN, page 12

plural Bascophones · alternative bascophone

1. A speaker of the Basque language.

   En 1972, on estimait à environ un demi-million le nombre total des bascophones, dont environ 80 000 en France.

   1994, Henriette Walter, translated by Peter Fawcett, French Inside Out: The Worldwide Development of the French Language in the Past, Present and the Future, London; New York, N.Y.: Routledge, published 1996, →ISBN, page 87

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   However, the Bascophones have their worldly moments, in which they indulge in their national dances, their sad, sweet songs, set in a minor key, and the Souletin dramas, known as “pastorales,” the representation of which may last for seven or eight hours.

   1932, W[illia]m A[lbert] Amiet, “Basque Literature”, in Literature by Languages: A Roll Call, Sydney, N.S.W.: Angus & Robertson […], page 257

   Compared with some half-million Spanish Bascophones, there are only about 50,000 in France who speak one of the least comprehensible and least understood languages in the world, the only one in Europe which is not Indo-European, and of which, it is said, the Devil only mastered three words after seven years’ study.

   1985, Adam Ruck, “The Pyrenees”, in Ingrid Morgan, editor, The Holiday Which? Guide to France, 2nd edition, London: Consumers’ Association and Hodder & Stoughton, →ISBN, page 178

   According to rough estimates, then, Occitanophones number about 2 million, or 15% of the region’s population; Breton speakers about 500,000-800,000, or 23%; Bascophones about 90,000, or 34%; Catalanophones about 260,000, or 87%; Corsican speakers, about 110,000, or 30%, and Flemish speakers, about 70,000 to 100,000, or 40 to 60% (Cirici i Pellicer 1982/83: 94-95; Busquet and Vidal 1980: 34; Còrsega 1984: 27; Wood 1980: 108).

   1988, Language Problems & Language Planning, volumes 12–13, page 229

   Thus, when we plan for normalization, we know that the supply of new users of the language can come only through converting the existing non-Bascophone population to Euskera use, increasing immigration and then converting the new immigrants into Bascophones, or increasing the birth rate among Bascophones—or all the above.

   1999, Juan Cobarrubias, “Viability of the Basque Language in the Next Millennium”, in William A. Douglass, Carmelo Urza, Linda White, Joseba Zulaika, editors, Basque Cultural Studies (Occasional Papers Series; 5), Reno, Nev.: Basque Studies Program, University of Nevada, Reno, →ISBN, page 76

   Basque-speaking people are not distributed evenly throughout the Basque Country. The data in Table 3.1 indicate that the proportion of Bascophones is much higher in Gipuzkoa than in the other BAC provinces or Nafarroa.

   2001, Jasone Cenoz, Josu Perales, “The Basque-speaking Communities”, in M. Teresa Turell, editor, Multilingualism in Spain: Sociolinguistic and Psycholinguistic Aspects of Linguistic Minority Groups (Multilingual Matters; 120), Clevedon, Somerset: Multilingual Matters Ltd, →ISBN, part 1 (The Larger Established Minorities), page 94