Outer Mongolia

The divisions of Wái Mungkú 外蒙古 or Outer Mongolia, are four lú 路 or circuits, usually called khanates from the titles of the leading chieftain khan 汗.

1851 February, “Topography of the Chinese Empire beyond the provinces”, in The Chinese Repository, volume XX, number 2, page 64

He professed to have twice defeated the Sungars in Outer Mongolia and Sinkiang, once suppressed the rebellion of Moslems in Turkestan, twice put down insurrections in the Chin-ch’uan region in western Szechwan, once pacified a rebellion in Taiwan (Formosa), subjugated Burma and Annam, and twice vanquished the Gurkhas.

1956, Chien-nung Li, The Political History of China 1840-1928, D. Van Nostrand Company, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 7

“Yalta not only severed Outer Mongolia from China, but also brought the northeastern part of China into the Soviet sphere,” he went on. “After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, our first demands to the Soviet Union were to recover Chinese sovereignty over the Changchun Railway and Port Arthur. Only then was PRC authority in northeastern China confirmed. . . . We raised the question of Outer Mongolia, but the Soviets didn’t respond.

1998 [1989], George H. W. Bush, Brent Scowcroft, quoting Deng Xiaoping, A World Transformed, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, →ISBN, page 95

Nora Ludd feels much happier when making Bayer executives’ lives miserable by visiting their homes at night. He lives in a muddy ditch in the north of England, but is currently on a yoga holiday in Outer Mongolia with his tortoise animal companion.

2004 March-April, Nora Ludd, “Bashing Bayer in Britain!”, in Earth First! The Radical Environmental Journal, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 7, column 2

Troubleshooters were supposed to remain in control, and when she and Deke had one of their discussions, she didn’t stay cool and serene. Showing a weakness like that in front of a councilor was a good way to get assigned to Outer Mongolia.

2007, Patti O'Shea, chapter 6, in In the Midnight Hour (Fiction), Tor Books, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 70