forcing

plural forcings

1. countableuncountableThe act by which someone or something is forced.
2. countableuncountableagricultureThe art of raising plants at an earlier season than is normal, especially by using a hotbed
3. countableuncountableartsAn extension in the development time of an underexposed negative in order to bring out detail
4. countableuncountablemathematicsA technique used to prove the consistency of certain axioms in set theory. See forcing (mathematics).
5. countableclimatologyThe net flux of energy in or out of a system; the net change in an energy balance.

   orbital / astronomical forcing (effect on climate of slow changes in the tilt of Earth's axis and shape of its orbit)

   4 more examples

   […] in improving the transfer function of these proxy data and in modelling the response of the climate system to the astronomical forcing over the last 3 Ma with a particular attention paid to the phase relations between insolation,[…]

   1991, Frederik Johan Hilgen, Astronomical Forcing and Geochronological Application of Sedimentary Cycles in the Mediterranean Pliocene-Pleistocene, Faculteit Aardwetenschappen Der Rijksuniversiteit Te Utrecht

   Franz Kuhnert, 18881 2.1 WHY ASTRONOMICAL FORCING? In the 1840s, James Croll assumed that the ice ages were driven by changes in the orbit of the Earth. The astronomical origin was likewise taken as natural by Milutin Milankovitch,[…]

   2002 August 26, Richard A. Muller, Gordon J. MacDonald, Ice Ages and Astronomical Causes: Data, Spectral Analysis and Mechanisms, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 19

   The astronomic forcing of climate In the course of its 4.5 billion-year history, Earth's climate has been relatively warm for about 90% of the time. Climate has changed on long time scales in response to the evolution of the Sun and[…]

   2006 March 30, Martin Beniston, Climatic Change and Its Impacts: An Overview Focusing on Switzerland, Springer Science & Business Media, →ISBN, page 53

   […] the 100,000-yr periodicity observed in climate fluctuations may result from the combined effect of a weak (deterministic) astronomic forcing and background environmental noise in a complex, nonlinear system with internal feedbacks.

   2011 June 20, Luca Ridolfi, Paolo D'Odorico, Francesco Laio, Noise-Induced Phenomena in the Environmental Sciences, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 156

1. gerundparticiplepresentpresent participle and gerund of force

1. not comparablebridgePertaining to a bid which requires partner to continue bidding rather than pass.