Manchukuo

alternative Manchoukuo

1. A puppet state of Imperial Japan, existing from 1932 to 1945, conceived as a Manchu nation-state under the restored Qing dynasty but in reality serving Japanese colonial interests in Manchuria. Capital: Hsinking (Changchun).

   In 1931, ten years ago, Japan invaded Manchukuo—without warning.

   1941 December 9, Franklin Roosevelt, 3:23 from the start, in Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan, US National Archives, archived from the original on 09 Jul 2015

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   Originally speaking, the Heilungkiang Valley, amongst other Russian possessions in the Far East, had been within Manchurian domain until the middle of the nineteenth century, when it was absorbed by Russia. For us, therefore, it is difficult to regard all Manchuria now within the territory of new Manchukuo and Russian Manchuria of today separately. Now that the Manchukuo State has become absolutely independent and placed under Japanese protection, so to speak, the destiny of Russian possessions in the Far East may be easily imagined.

   1933, The Japan Magazine, volume 23, →OCLC, page 68, column 1

   When evacuation was effected it would be “to the Great Wall”, not to the Jehol boundary. Since the Great Wall dips well into northern Hopei, an area of several thousand square miles was thus added to the territory of Manchoukuo.[...]In actual operation, the cordon sanitaire of the “demilitarized” zone was far from reciprocal. Under the terms of the Tangku Truce, Chinese armed opposition to Manchoukuo was clearly prevented.

   [1938, T. A. Bisson, Japan in China, New York: Macmillan Company, →OCLC, pages 46–47

   The truce of May 1933 established a modus vivendi that was in effect a treaty of peace and that tacitly (although not explicitly) acquiesced in the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. The articulate among the Chinese, however, remained unreconciled to the existence of Manchoukuo. Moreover, for a number of years only two foreign powers besides Japan, (Italy and El Salvador) formally recognized the new state. Japan, however, preserved in consolidating its position in Manchoukuo.

   [1968, “CHINA”, in Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 5, →LCCN, →OCLC, page 593, column 2

   A group of Japanese is planning to build a monument at the foot of Mount Fuji in Japan to commemorate the establishment of Manchukuo, a puppet regime set up by the Japanese imperialists in 1932 to prepare for the invasion of China.

   1982 September 5, “Monument protest”, in Free China Weekly, volume XXIII, number 35, Taipei, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 1

   Manchuria in the guise of Manchukuo was now under firm Japanese control, and to it had been added the buffer province of Jehol and a security zone in northern China. The May 31 truce at T'ang-ku suggested that the Japanese might be satisfied with these gains, which more than fulfilled their stated purpose.

   2002, Dorothy V. Jones, Toward a Just World, University of Chicago, →OCLC, page 108

   Synonyms: Manchuria, the Great Manchu(rian) Empire, Empire of Manchuria