category

plural categories

1. A group, often named or numbered, to which items are assigned based on similarity or defined criteria.

   This steep and dangerous climb belongs to the most difficult category.

   2 more examples

   I wouldn’t put this book in the same category as the author’s first novel.

   The traditional way of describing the similarities and differences between constituents is to say that they belong to categories of various types. Thus, words like boy, girl, man, woman, etc. are traditionally said to belong to the category of Nouns, whereas words like a, the, this, and that are traditionally said to belong to the category of Determiners.

   1988, Andrew Radford, Transformational grammar: a first course, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 51

   Synonyms: class, family, genus, kingdom, order, pigeonhole, phylum, race

2. mathematicsA collection of objects, together with a transitively closed collection of composable arrows between them, such that every object has an identity arrow, and such that arrow composition is associative.

   One well-known category has sets as objects and functions as arrows.

   2 more examples

   Just as a monoid consists of an underlying set with a binary operation "on top of it" which is closed, associative and with an identity, a category consists of an underlying digraph with an arrow composition operation "on top of it" which is transitively closed, associative, and with an identity at each object. In fact, a category's composition operation, when restricted to a single one of its objects, turns that object's set of arrows (which would all be loops) into a monoid.

   The use of the word ‘factor’ shows the explicit intention of categorists to work with functions in an algebraic manner: a category is an algebra of functions.

   1995, Michael Barr with Charles Wells, Category Theory for Computing Science, 2nd edition, Cambridge, Great Britain: Prentice Hall, §2.8.9, page 46