abstract

plural abstracts

1. An abridgement or summary of a longer publication.First known use First attested around 1350 to 1470.

   An analysis and abstract of every treatise he had read.

   1741, I[saac] Watts, The Improvement of the Mind: Or, A Supplement to the Art of Logick: […], London: […] James Brackstone, […], →OCLC

2. Something that concentrates in itself the qualities of a larger item, or multiple items.First known use First attested in the mid 16ᵗʰ century.

   Man, the abstract Of all perfection, which the workmanship Of Heaven hath modeled.

   1628, John Ford, The Lover's Melancholy

   1. Concentrated essence of a product.
   2. medicineA powdered solid extract of a medicinal substance mixed with lactose.
3. An abstraction; an abstract term; that which is abstract.First known use First attested in the mid 16ᵗʰ century.

   Thus the concrete like has its abstract likeness; the concretes, father and son, have the abstracts, paternity and filiation.

   1843, John Stuart Mill, chapter II, in A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. […], volume I, London: John W[illiam] Parker, […], →OCLC, page 54

4. The theoretical way of looking at things; something that exists only in idealized form.First known use First attested in the early 17ᵗʰ century.
5. artAn abstract work of art.First known use First attested in the early 20ᵗʰ century.
6. businessA summary title of the key points detailing a tract of land, for ownership; abstract of title.

   Synonyms: abridgment, compendium, epitome, synopsis

comparative more abstract · comparative abstracter · superlative most abstract · superlative abstractest

1. obsoleteDerived; extracted.First known use Attested from around 1350 to 1470 until the late 15ᵗʰ century.
2. archaicDrawn away; removed from; apart from; separate.First known use First attested around 1350 to 1470.

   The more abstract we are from the body ... the more fit we shall be to behold divine light.

   17th century, John Norris (philosopher), The Oxford Dictionary

3. Not concrete: conceptual, ideal.First known use First attested around 1350 to 1470.

   Her new film is an abstract piece, combining elements of magic realism, flashbacks, and animation but with very little in terms of plot construction.

   Synonyms: conceptual, ideal, imaginary, incorporeal, intangible, nonempirical, theoretical · Antonyms: actual, concrete, corporeal, empirical

   1. Insufficiently factual.

      Synonyms: conceptual, ideal, imaginary, incorporeal, intangible, nonempirical, theoretical, formal · Antonyms: actual, concrete, corporeal, empirical

   2. Apart from practice or reality; vague; theoretical; impersonal; not applied.

      During the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, this commitment brought him into frequent critical confrontation with entrenched forms of conservative thinking (in academic areas from history and social science to the more abstract domains of ethical and political philosophy),[…]

      1999, Nicholas Walker, “The Reorientation of Critical Theory: Habermas”, in Simon Glemdinning, editor, The Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Continental Philosophy, Routledge, →ISBN, page 489

      Synonyms: conceptual, ideal, imaginary, incorporeal, intangible, nonempirical, theoretical, conceptual · Antonyms: actual, concrete, corporeal, empirical, applied, practical

   3. grammarAs a noun, denoting a concept or intangible as opposed to an object, place, or person.

      Synonyms: conceptual, ideal, imaginary, incorporeal, intangible, nonempirical, theoretical · Antonyms: actual, concrete, corporeal, empirical

4. Difficult to understand; abstruse; hard to conceptualize.First known use First attested around 1350 to 1470.

   The politician gave a somewhat abstract answer when asked about their plans to cut spending.

   1 more example

   Abstract words such as glory, honour, courage, or hallow were obscene.

   1929, Ernest Hemingway, A Farewell to Arms

   Synonyms: abstruse

5. Separately expressing a property or attribute of an object that is considered to be inherent to that object: attributive, ascriptive.First known use First attested around 1350 to 1470.

   A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing...

   1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, volume 1, page 34

   Synonyms: attributive, ascriptive

6. Pertaining comprehensively to, or representing, a class or group of objects, as opposed to any specific object; considered apart from any application to a particular object: general, generic, nonspecific; representational.First known use First attested by Locke in 1689.

   2 more examples

   A concrete name is a name which stands for a thing; an abstract name which stands for an attribute of a thing.[…]A practice, however, has grown up in more modern times, which, if not introduced by Locke, has gained currency from his example, of applying the expression "abstract name" to all names which are the result of abstraction and generalization, and consequently to all general names, instead of confining it to the names of attributes.

   1843, John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, volume 1, page 34

   Given their opposition to innate ideas, philosophers in the empiricist tradition have sought to explain how the rich and multifarious representational capacities that human beings possess derive from experience. A key explanatory strategy in this tradition, tracing back at least as far as John Locke’s An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, is to maintain that the acquisition of many of these capacities can be accounted for by a process of abstraction. In fact, Locke himself claims in the Essay that abstraction is the source of all general ideas (1690/1975, II, xii, §1). Although Berkeley and Hume were highly critical of Locke, abstraction as a source of generality has been a lasting theme in empiricist thought.

   2012, Laurence, Stephen and Margolis, Eric, Abstraction and the Origin of General Ideas, Philosophers' Imprint volume 12, no. 19, December 2012

   Synonyms: general, generalized, generic, nonspecific, representational · Antonyms: discrete, specific, particular, precise

7. archaicAbsent-minded.First known use First attested in the early 16ᵗʰ century.

   White and abstract-looking, he sat and ate his dinner.

   1922, D. H. Lawrence, Aaron's Rod

   1 more example

   Abſtract as in a tranſe methought I ſaw, abstract, as in a trance

   1667, John Milton, “Book VII”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, line 1099

8. Pertaining to the formal aspect of art, such as the lines, colors, shapes, and the relationships among them.
   1. capitalizedoftenartFree from representational qualities, in particular the non-representational styles of the 20ᵗʰ century.First known use First attested in the mid 19ᵗʰ century.

      But his design is wonderful. He’s getting more and more abstract every day. He’d given up the third dimension when I was there and was just thinking of giving up the second. Soon, he says, there’ll be just the blank canvas. That’s the logical conclusion. Complete abstraction.

      1921, Aldous Huxley, chapter 12, in Crome Yellow, London: Chatto & Windus

   2. artAbsolute.First known use First attested in the mid 19ᵗʰ century.
   3. artLacking a story.First known use First attested in the mid 19ᵗʰ century.
9. object-oriented programmingBeing a partial basis for subclasses rather than a complete template for objects.

present singular third person abstracts · participle present abstracting · participle past abstracted · past abstracted · first person past singular abstracted · archaic present second person singular abstractest · past second person singular abstracted · archaic past second person singular abstractedst · present singular third person abstracts · archaic present singular third person abstracteth · past singular third person abstracted · past plural abstracted · past subjunctive abstracted · participle present abstracting · participle past abstracted

1. transitiveTo separate; to disengage.First known use First attested around 1350 to 1470.

   He was incapable of forming any opinion or resolution abstracted from his own prejudices.

   1822, [Walter Scott], Peveril of the Peak. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh: […] Archibald Constable and Co.; London: Hurst, Robinson, and Co., →OCLC

   1. transitiveTo remove; to take away; withdraw.

      The lightning of the public burdens, which at present abstract a large proportion of profits and wages.

      1834, Harriet Martineau, Illustration of Political Economy, volume IX

   2. euphemistictransitiveTo steal; to take away; to remove without permission.

      Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins from the harness.

      1872, William Black, The Strange Adventures of a Phaeton

      2 more examples

      The inlaid characters in diamond, and other precious stones, have been all abstracted away by the pelf-loving Jaut and Mahratta—leaving the walls defaced with the hollow marks of the chisel.

      1869, Bholanauth Chunder, The Travels of a Hindoo to Various Parts of Bengal and Upper India

      Section 13 of the 1968 Act enacts a separate offence of dishonestly abstracting electricity. The separate offence is needed because electricity, like other forms of energy such as heat, is not property.

      2014, A P Simester, J R Spencer, G R Sullivan, Simester and Sullivan's Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine

      Synonyms: filch, purloin, steal

   3. obsoletetransitiveTo extract by means of distillation.

      Poison from roses who could e'er abstract?

      1601, John Marston, Antonio's Revenge, act II, scene I

   4. transitiveTo draw off (interest or attention).

      He was wholly abstracted by other objects.

      1 more example

      The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.

      June 1869, William Blackwood, Late for the Train (published in Blackwood's Magazine)

   5. figurativelyintransitiveliterallyreflexivetransitiveTo withdraw oneself; to retire.
   6. transitiveTo consider abstractly; to contemplate separately or by itself; to consider theoretically; to look at as a general quality.

      To abstract the notions of time, of space, and of matter.

      1781, Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, volume II

   7. transitiveTo conceptualize an ideal subgroup by means of the generalization of an attribute, as follows: by apprehending an attribute inherent to one individual, then separating that attribute and contemplating it by itself, then conceiving of that attribute as a general quality, then despecifying that conceived quality with respect to several or many individuals, and by then ideating a group composed of those individuals perceived to possess said quality.
   8. intransitiveraretransitiveTo perform the process of abstraction.

      I own myself able to abstract in one sense.

      1710, George Berkeley, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge

   9. intransitivetransitivefine artsTo create abstractions.
   10. intransitivetransitivecomputingTo produce an abstraction, usually by refactoring existing code. Generally used with "out".

       He abstracted out the square root function.

2. transitiveTo summarize; to abridge; to epitomize.First known use First attested in the late 16ᵗʰ century.

   Synonyms: abridge, epitomize, summarize